Month: December 2018

Harira : A Traditional Moroccan Dish

Photo from The Spruce

 

Morocco is located in Northern Africa, and borders both Algeria and Western Sahara. It  neighbors Spain, only separated by a channel of water called the Strait of Gibraltar. Morocco is the result of multiple cultural influences due to its unique history. This unique history involves Morocco’s association with other global communities.  Therefore, Moroccan food is an interesting blend of different cultures such as Arabic, French, Northern African and Spain.

Harira is a dish native to Morocco consisting of lentils, chickpeas, and a tomato base.  As well as multiple seasonings, including but not limited to: lemon, cinnamon, cilantro, parsley and ginger. Usually it includes a meat, such as beef or lamb. However, I choose this dish because it has the capacity to be vegetarian. Interestingly, there is not one way to prepare harira, as families have different  recipes passed down from generation to generation.

This dish takes a long time to prepare. First and foremost, the chickpeas must be soaked overnight. Then fresh cilantro and parsley have to be cleaned and separated from their stems. Next, the cilantro and parsley should be finely chopped. The tomato base is made by pureeing tomatoes in a food processor  or mashing them together. If meat is added to the recipe, it must be cooked before compiling it into the larger soup pot. The larger soup pot should first consist of the tomato base, chickpeas and the seasoning. Then meat should be added, followed by water and lentils. At the last segment of cooking, rice or vermicelli should be added. Flour premixed with water can be added in order to thicken the soup.

Islam is the prominent religion in Morocco. In Islam, there are five pillars of faith : Shahadah, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, and Hajj. The pillar known as Sawm takes place during a holy month called Ramadan. During this holy month, Muslims fast from dawn till sunset for 29-30 days. The meal that is eaten before dawn is called Suhoor. The meal after sunset is called Iftar. Harira is a significant dish in Moroccan culture because it is used to break fast at Iftar. However, Harira it is not eaten solely during Ramadan, and is also popular during the winter time.

This dish is reflective of how food is consumed in Morocco, as the substance of dish varies due to seasonal vegetables. This indicates that they are conscious of what they consume, and how it tastes. Furthermore, this is an indication that they do not  mass produce food. In 2016, the CDC issued a report stating how currently there isn’t any genetically modified food in the country utilized for human consumption. This includes genetically modified seeds. However, genetically modified food is fed to animals, such as genetically modified corn. In my research, I discovered that the United States is the number one importer of such genetically modified animal food to Morocco. Furthermore,  Morocco’s connections and dependence upon the European Union plays a huge role as to what type of foods it receives. Despite not eating genetically modified food, Morocco has a booming scientific community researching the effects of genetically modified food, and it’s place in a growing global community. 

 

 

References :

 

https://www.thespruceeats.com/classic-moroccan-harira-soup-2394920

https://theculturetrip.com/africa/morocco/articles/a-brief-history-of-moroccan-harira/

https://moroccotravelblog.com/2009/04/21/harira-traditional-moroccan-soup/

https://www.peacecatalyst.org/blog/2018/6/6/ramadan-101-what-is-iftar

https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Agricultural%20Biotechnology%20Annual_Rabat_Morocco_11-7-2016.pdf

http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/practices/fivepillars.shtml

A Reflection of LDR 101 : Leadership and Gender in the Young Adult Fantasy Novel

LDR 101 : Leadership and Gender in the Young Adult Fantasy Novel is a course aimed to elicit an understanding of leadership, and one’s capacity to lead. This was done by examining how various books, and their accompanying films treat gender and leadership. Through this course, my understanding of leadership has expanded to incorporate critical thinking, writing, public speaking, digital literacy, and teamwork skills.

In the beginning of the course, participants had to define what type of qualities leadership consisted of. Each student had their own understanding. However, by utilizing real life examples we were soon able to formulate a widely accepted idea of what makes up a leader. We decided that leaders were not only authoritative, but also compassionate and empathic. Furthermore, it’s not enough to just possess these qualities, but you must put them into action for the betterment of others. Readings such as Cronon’s “Only Connect” helped solidify these ideas.

Cronon made it a point to emphasize that one must have multiple methods of inputting information, whether it be listening or reading. By being knowledgeable, one can utilize their critical thinking skills to “solve a wide variety of problems”. Furthermore, Cronon thought one should be able to  “write clearly, persuasively and movingly”, as a means to communicate effectively. I think that overall the leadership subconcepts of writing, public speaking and digital literacy all fall under this idea that you must let your voice be heard, whether the medium be on paper, making a speech or reaching the masses through the internet.

When writing an essay, I utilized my critical thinking skills to draw connects between the fiction writing and the scholarly articles. My favorite essay to write was Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. This paper engaged with the topics of gender, classism and leadership. I enjoyed this paper because of the real life implications it held. I presented that leadership is controlled by those who were born into high class families, thus maintaining a classist society in which power is held by a small group of elite. However, leadership shouldn’t be this way because this aforementioned elite does not correctly assess the everyday needs of those in lower classes. It is reflected in our own government with family dynasty’s holding large amounts of power over generations, i.e the Bush’s and the Clinton’s. By placing this paper on my digital portfolio, I widened my audience and allowed others to read, comment and critique. Additionally, my public speaking skills improved due to the feedback I received from my peers when verbally presenting.

Cronon also stated that leadership should be utilized for the betterment of others. Typically, in order to make a large impact you can’t do things by yourself, but in solidarity with others. My teamwork skills were put to the test and strengthened  during my film group project. I learned the importance of utilizing different types of leadership depending on what the situation called for. In this course, we learned about two different types of leadership – interdependent and autonomous. Interdependent leaders are characterized as those who listen to others, and find the best solution by considering different opinions and perspectives on a situation. A quote from the article states “ You take bits and pieces of every idea and you incorporate it into one big idea that people can still recognize” (Gilligan, Lyons & Hanmer 186). Autonomous leaders are characterized by doing things on their own through the trust of their constituents. A quote from the article states a “leader  [as being] one who can ‘handle the responsibility’ but also, ‘delegate responsibility’”(Gilligan, Lyons & Hanmer 191). These two methods had an impact on how my group effectively accomplished our end goal. For example, during the treatment interdependent leadership is necessary so that everyone’s ideas are taken into consideration when making a decision. However, other parts of the project such as the storyboard or editing were delegated to those with the most experience. Therefore, in those situations autonomous leadership would be most appropriate.

In conclusion, this course presented ideas and concepts that challenged and shifted my understanding of leadership. Through my assignments and experiences in LDR 101 my perception of leadership has expanded to include critical thinking, writing, public speaking, digital literacy, and teamwork skills. But most importantly,  I learned about myself as a leader, and my own capacity to lead.

 

References

 

Cronon, W. (1998). Only Connect.. . : The Goals of a Liberal Education. The American Scholar

 

Gilligan, C., Lyons, N., & Hanmer, T. (Eds.) (1990). Making connections: The relational worlds of adolescent girls at Emma Willard School. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

 

Tardigrades : Pathways and Transformations of Energy and Matter

Illustration by Tom Dunne

Tardigrades engage in various transformations of energy and matter. During active state, the tardigrades engage in normal activity such as “eating, growing, and reproducing” (American Scientist, 2018). In order to maintain an active state, the tardigrade must eat and be located in an hospitable environment. Typically, it feeds on plant cells, animal cells and bacteria (Bordenstein, 2017). Furthermore, the environment must include oxygen and water temperature above freezing but below boiling.

Opposite of active state is a suspended state of metabolic activity called cryptobiosis. Entering cryptobiosis slows down or halts the metabolic activity of the tardigrade, reducing it up to 99%. This state is reversible, enabling the tardigrade to survive a variety of extreme environments while waiting for a stable environment. Nevertheless, this has been associated with death, as death is characterised by lack of metabolic activity (Wright, 2014).

Different environmental factors generate different types of cryptobiosis. Anhydrobiosis, derived from the latin prefix a- and hydro-, describes when the tardigrade dehydrates itself up to 95% of its water content. This causes the tardigrade to enter a stabilized shriveled tun formation, thus allowing it survive extremely dry or extremely cold environments (Hengherr, 2009). Cryboisis occurs in freezing temperatures. Usually, the temperature causes water to change from its fluid liquid state, to a crystallized solid state. This crystallized state will tear and rupture cells, casing the cell to die. To combat this, tardigrades will enter cryboisis and utilizes proteins to prevent water molecules from fissuring the cells (Lindahl & Balser, 1999). Anoxybiosis occurs in inhospitable environments in which the oxygen concentration isn’t high enough to sustain normal activity. Tardigrades will swell and puff out in response to this environment (American Scientist, 2018). Osmobiosis occurs due to a lack of available water because of high salt concentration of the water (Lindahl & Balser, 1999). Last is a lesser form of cryptobiosis dubbed encystment. In comparison to tun formation, which is single layer, encystment is a double layer cuticle around the body that the tardigrade retracts into during dormant states (Wright, 2014).

Anhydrobiosis, cryobiosis, anoxybiosis and osmobiosis are all types of tun formation. The tun formation is a membrane dynamic that factors into the tardigrades ability to survive extreme environments (Lindahl & Balser, 1999). This formation requires an active metabolism to configure. Tun formation results in the production of an alcohol called glycerol and the synthesis sugar called trehalose. The function of trehalose involves moving into cells and replacing lost water (Bordenstein, 2017). Furthermore, trehalose forms a waxy barrier that eventually hardens forming a protective barrier. ( Resnick, 2018) However, scientists discovered that trehalose exists in too small of a quantity for it to be the sole contributor for tun formation. This lead to the discovery of IDP, otherwise known as intrinsically disordered proteins. These proteins are unique because they don’t have a fixed 3D shape, enabling them to morph.

References

Bordenstein, S. (2017, June 07). Tardigrades. Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/tardigrade/index.html

Lindahl, K., & Balser, S. (1999, October 2). Tardigrade Facts. Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://sun.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/tardigrade_facts.html#cyobiosis

Resnick, B. (2018, February 08). Tardigrades – the microscopic, oddly cute toughest animals on Earth – explained. Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/2/8/16991280/tardigrade-facts-waterbear-explained

Tardigrades. (2018, February 02). Retrieved November 17, 2018, from https://www.americanscientist.org/article/tardigrades

Wright, J. (2014). Tardigrade : Water Bears. Retrieved from https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tardigrada/

Hengherr, S., Worland, M. R., Reuner, A., Brummer, F. and Schill, R. O. (2009). High-temperature tolerance in anhydrobiotic tardigrades is limited by glass transition. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 82, 749-755 http://jeb.biologists.org/content/jexbio/213/7/vi.full.pdf

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